Introduction: Tracing the Roots of Public Relations
Public Relations
(PR) has come a long way from its informal beginnings to
becoming a structured, professional discipline. While most textbooks trace the
modern PR profession to establishing the "Publicity Bureau" in
1900, the art of managing public perception dates back to ancient
civilizations. This blog explores PR's journey, milestones, and role in shaping
modern communication.
Early Influences and Historical Beginnings
Ancient Foundations
Public influence and communication strategies were evident in ancient civilizations:
- Babylonians used clay tablets to promote agricultural
techniques.
- Egyptian pharaohs built pyramids and monuments to assert their
divine right to rule.
- Greek sophists were hired to craft persuasive arguments, while
philosophers like Aristotle studied the art of rhetoric.
Example: Julius Caesar used newsletters and writings to highlight
his military victories, laying the foundation for personal branding and public
influence.
Religious Evangelism and Social Movements
In Britain, religious evangelicals and Victorian
reformers pioneered systematic public relations:
- They promoted causes like the abolition of slavery
advocating for societal change through pamphlets, speeches, and organized
events.
- Unlike modern PR professionals, these individuals worked solely for their causes
and not as hired agents.
Example: The Society for Causing the Abolition of the
Slave Trade in 1787 used books, posters, and public lectures to rally
support for their movement.
The Role of Propaganda in Wartime
World War I marked a turning point for PR as governments
used propaganda to:
- Rally domestic support for the war effort.
- Demonize enemies through targeted messaging.
- Promote recruitment and patriotism.
The Allied and Axis powers leveraged media, posters, and public speeches to influence
public sentiment.
The Emergence of Modern Public Relations
The Birth of PR Agencies
The Publicity Bureau, founded in 1900, is
often credited as the first modern PR agency:
- It marked the transition from informal influence to a structured profession.
- Early clients included businesses and political campaigns seeking public
support.
Early Pioneers
Two figures stand out in the development of PR:
- Ivy Lee:
- Known as the "Father of Public Relations."
- Advocated transparency and accuracy in communication.
- Developed the modern press
release format and emphasized a two-way
communication approach.
- Example: Lee's work with the Pennsylvania Railroad highlighted
the importance of proactive media engagement.
- Edward Bernays:
- A nephew of Sigmund Freud, Bernays applied psychological principles to
PR.
- Authored Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923), the first PR
textbook.
- Pioneered innovative campaigns, such as positioning Lucky
Strike cigarettes as "torches of freedom" for women.
Global Expansion
- Post World War II, American companies spread PR practices
globally, especially in Europe, through the Marshall Plan.
- British pioneer Basil Clarke
established Editorial Services in 1924, laying the
groundwork for PR in the UK.
Example: Clarke's 1929 PR ethics code emphasized honesty and
transparency, which remain central to PR today.
Professional Development in the 20th Century
Institutional Growth
The mid-20th Century saw the rise of:
- Trade associations, such as the Public Relations
Society of America (PRSA) in 1947.
- PR news outlets, including magazines like PR Week.
- Academic frameworks, as universities introduced PR as a field
of study.
PR in the Media Age
By the 1950s and 1960s, PR evolved to include:
- Media tours: Initiated by Edelman, these showcased brands
through immersive experiences.
- Corporate storytelling: Companies began emphasizing their
societal contributions to build trust.
Example: Coca-Cola's WWII campaign promised every soldier a Coke for
five cents, blending patriotism with corporate branding.
The Influence of Digital Media
The 1999 Cluetrain Manifesto predicted the internet's and
social media's transformative impact on PR. By the early 2000s:
- Social media press releases emerged, incorporating multimedia
elements like videos and images.
- PR became interactive, with brands engaging directly with audiences online.
Challenges and Opportunities in Modern PR
The Digital Shift
The internet has democratized PR, allowing smaller brands to compete with established
players. However, challenges include:
- Fake news and misinformation.
- Navigating data privacy regulations.
- Managing crises in real-time.
Integrating Technology
Modern PR uses tools like AI to:
- Analyze audience sentiment.
- Automate repetitive tasks, such as press release distribution.
- Predict campaign outcomes through data analytics.
Ancient Origins of Public Relations
Although the term "public relations" (PR) was coined much later, the principles of
influencing public perception, communicating effectively, and managing reputations
have existed since ancient times. PR's core elements—informing, persuading,
and integrating people—are integral to the development of
civilizations.
Edward Bernays, often regarded as one of PR's pioneers, succinctly
stated: "The three main elements of public relations are almost as old as
society." This blog explores how ancient civilizations and historical events
laid the groundwork for the modern PR profession.
Early Examples of Public Relations
1. The First Known PR Artifact
A clay tablet from ancient Iraq promoting advanced agricultural
techniques is sometimes considered the earliest example of public relations. This
artefact showcased how communication could influence societal behaviour for
collective benefit.
2. Leadership and Propaganda in Ancient Civilizations
Leaders in Babylon, Egypt, and Persia understood the power of symbols and
storytelling:
- Pyramids, Obelisks, and Statues: These structures were not
merely architectural marvels but tools to establish a ruler's divine authority.
- Religious Claims: Pharaohs and kings often used religion or
magical claims to solidify their right to rule.
Example: In Egypt, scribes documented a pharaoh's achievements to
immortalize their reign and influence public perception.
3. The Art of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece
Greek cities developed a sophisticated understanding of communication:
- Sophists as Advocates for Hire: Sophists were skilled orators
who crafted persuasive arguments, though critics like Plato accused them of
being manipulative.
- Philosophical Foundations: Thinkers
like Aristotle, Plato, and Isocrates analyzed rhetoric,
laying the theoretical groundwork for ethical communication.
Example: Isocrates emphasized the importance of persuasive speech in
governance and public decision-making.
4. Julius Caesar: The First PR Campaigner
The Roman general Julius Caesar masterfully used communication
to build his public image:
- He authored the first campaign biography, detailing his
military successes to garner public support.
- Caesar commissioned newsletters and poems that positioned
him as a formidable leader, securing his political ambitions.
Example: Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico
(Commentaries on the Gallic War) served as a historical record and a PR tool to sway
Roman citizens.
Public Relations in Medieval Times
1. Managing Collective Reputation
During medieval Europe:
- Craft Guilds: Guilds of craftsmen managed their collective
reputation by ensuring quality standards and promoting their trade.
- Mediators: In England, Lord Chancellors
acted as intermediaries between rulers and their subjects, fostering trust and
resolving disputes.
2. Religious Campaigns and Early Propaganda
Religious leaders utilized PR strategies to further their causes:
- Pope Urban II and the Crusades: The pope's recruitment drive
for the Crusades is considered one of history's earliest public relations
efforts. His persuasive speeches rallied support across Europe.
- Pope Gregory XV: The term "propaganda" originated from
Gregory's establishment of the Congregatio de Propaganda
Fide (Congregation for Propagating the Faith). This body trained
missionaries to spread Christianity.
Note: The term "propaganda" initially had no negative connotations;
its association with government publicity during World War II gave it a darker
implication.
3. The Magna Carta: Lobbying for Rights
The creation of the Magna Carta in the early 1200s exemplifies
the power of advocacy:
- Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, lobbied English
barons to demand that King John recognize the church's authority.
- This event marked one of the earliest examples of organized public advocacy
influencing governance.
Ethical Considerations in Ancient PR
While the ancients demonstrated the power of communication, their practices often
sparked debates about ethics:
- Sophists in Greece: Critics accused sophists of using their
skills for deception, though others argued they adhered to ethical principles of
persuasion.
- Religious Claims in Egypt: Using divine authority for political
legitimacy blurred the line between genuine belief and manipulation.
Legacy of Ancient PR in Modern Practice
The communication strategies of ancient civilizations continue to inform modern PR
principles:
- Storytelling: Just as Julius Caesar used narratives to bolster
his image, brands today use storytelling to connect with audiences.
- Symbols and Visuals: Pyramids and statues were ancient logos
and brand imagery equivalents, reinforcing identity and authority.
- Ethical Persuasion: The philosophical debates of ancient Greece
echo contemporary discussions about transparency and integrity in PR.
Antecedents of Public Relations: The Building Blocks of Modern Communication
Laying the Groundwork for PR
Public relations (PR) as a structured profession began in the 20th Century, but its
origins can be traced back to centuries of evolving communication practices. From
explorers using rhetoric to attract settlers to organized abolitionist movements,
PR's antecedents highlight how communication has been instrumental in shaping
opinions and influencing actions.
This blog delves into the historical developments that set the stage for the modern
PR profession.
Early Exploration and Exaggerated Claims
1. Persuasion Through Promises
Explorers like Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher
Columbus used embellished narratives to attract settlers to the New
World:
- Example: In 1598, Captain Arthur Barlowe described a desolate
swamp in Virginia as, "The soil is the most plentiful, sweet, fruitful
and wholesome of all the world."
- Such exaggerated claims encouraged migration and investment, laying a foundation
for using storytelling as a persuasion tool.
2. Managing Criticism
When settlers faced hardships such as conflicts with Native Americans or high
mortality rates, pamphlets authored anonymously were circulated to reassure
potential settlers and address negative perceptions.
Development of Media Tools
1. The First News Publications
- 1609: The world's first newsletter was
founded in Germany.
- 1615: The first daily newspaper followed.
These innovations marked the beginning of structured media outreach for
information dissemination.
2. Cardinal Richelieu's Pamphlets
In France, Cardinal Richelieu pioneered media usage for political purposes:
- He created pamphlets to support policies
and counter opposition.
- The government also established the Information and Propaganda
Bureau and published The Gazette, a
government-controlled weekly newspaper.
Organized Advocacy Movements
1. Anti-Slavery Campaigns
The abolitionist action in the 18th and 19th centuries exemplified organized public
advocacy:
- The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
(1787): Published books, posters, and hosted lectures to advocate
against slavery.
- Abolitionist campaigns
used petitions, boycotts,
and lectures to rally public support.
Global Impact:
- UK: Slavery was abolished in 1807.
- US: The American Anti-Slavery Society
(1833) adopted similar tactics, leveraging petitions, political
lobbying, and pamphlets.
Early PR-Like Practices in Academia
1. Fundraising Brochures
- In 1641, Harvard University sent preachers to England to
raise funds for missionary activities among Native Americans. They produced one
of the first fundraising brochures: New England's First Fruits.
2. Collegiate PR Practices
- In 1758, King's College (now Columbia University)
announced its graduation ceremonies, an early example of a press
release.
- Princeton University later institutionalized providing
newspapers with updates about university events.
PR and Political Advocacy
1. The Boston Tea Party
Dubbed a "public relations event," the Boston Tea Party was a
staged act of defiance against British taxation:
- The event was designed to influence public opinion and rally support for
independence.
2. Federalist Papers
Supporters of the US Constitution used letters (now called The
Federalist Papers) to persuade citizens and lawmakers to adopt the new
framework.
Corporate and Industrial PR
1. The Transcontinental Railroad
In the 1860s, major US railway companies used PR strategies to:
- Raise $125 million for the construction of the 1,776-mile-long railroad.
- Maintain positive relationships with stakeholders, including bond buyers,
regulators, and journalists.
2. Early Corporate PR Departments
- 1870: The German company Krupp created
the first corporate press department to promote its
industrial image.
- 1889: Westinghouse Electric Corporation
established the first US corporate PR department, hiring staff to publicize
alternating current (AC) electricity.
Cultural and Entertainment Influence
1. P.T. Barnum's Publicity Tactics
In the mid-1800s, P.T. Barnum revolutionized publicity through
bold, manipulative campaigns:
- Example: He promoted his museum by claiming to exhibit a
161-year-old woman who nursed George Washington, accompanied by a forged birth
certificate.
2. Environmental Campaigns
The late 1800s saw the rise of environmental advocacy groups
like:
- The Coal Abatement Society.
- The Congo Reform Association.
These groups demonstrated how collective efforts could influence public opinion and
policy.
The Foundations of Modern PR
1. Introduction of the Term "Public Relations"
- The term first appeared in the 1897 Year Book of Railway
Literature, marking a linguistic shift toward defining the
profession.
2. Professionalization and Standard Practices
By the late 1800s:
- Companies conducted press interviews
and organized conferences to shape their public image.
- The groundwork was laid for structured media
relations, setting the stage for PR's evolution into a
profession.
Origins as a Profession: Public Relations in the Early 1900s
Public relations (PR), as we know it today, is a professional field shaped by
historical, social, and economic developments. While its roots extend back
centuries, the early 1900s marked the formalization of PR as a paid profession. This
blog explores the emergence of PR, its initial focus, and the societal forces that
shaped its evolution.
Defining the Beginnings of PR as a Profession
1. Early Recognition
The installation of the Publicity Bureau in Boston in 1900 is
widely recognized as a pivotal moment in PR history:
- Scott Cutlip, a noted PR scholar, described this as an
"arbitrary starting point" but emphasized its significance in the
professionalization of PR.
2. Debate Over Origins
- Barbara Diggs-Brown, an academic at the American University
School of Communication, noted that PR anchors its legitimacy in historical
events but didn't truly professionalize until around 1900.
- Jacquie L'Etang, a UK academic, argued that PR
developed simultaneously in the United States and the UK
during this period.
- Noel Turnbull traced PR practices back to 18th and
19th-century British evangelical movements and Victorian reformers,
highlighting their systematic use of communication to influence public opinion.
3. Regional Timelines
- According to Betteke Van Ruler, PR emerged as a professional field
in Continental Europe only in the 1920s, underscoring
regional variations in its adoption.
Societal Forces Driving the Rise of PR
1. The Progressive Era
Between 1903 and 1909, the United States experienced heightened
scrutiny of big business:
- Newspapers and magazines published exposés detailing corporate
misconduct, including exploitation of stockholders, overcharging customers, and
political corruption.
- This media coverage fueled public distrust, prompting corporations to adopt PR
strategies to manage their reputations.
Example:
- Companies hired PR professionals to counteract sensationalized journalism,
shifting public narratives and defending corporate interests.
2. Consumerism and Mass Production
As mass production became a dominant force in the early 20th Century:
- PR was pivotal in promoting consumerism and aligning
public perception with corporate goals.
- Brands leveraged PR to highlight product benefits and foster customer loyalty.
The Role of Media in PR's Early Development
1. The Changing Media Landscape
- Newspapers became more accessible as the cost of paper
decreased, significantly increasing circulation.
- The growth of mass-circulation magazines provided PR
professionals with platforms to shape public opinion on a broader scale.
2. PR as a Corporate Defense Mechanism
In response to anti-corporate sentiment, PR emerged as a tool
to:
- Protect business reputations.
- Disseminate positive stories about corporate contributions to society.
- Foster trust between businesses and the public.
Key Figures and Early PR Practices
1. The Publicity Bureau
- Founded in Boston in 1900, the Publicity Bureau is
credited as the first professional PR agency.
- It focused on creating and distributing information aligned with client
interests while managing public perceptions.
2. Expanding International Influence
- Initially concentrated in the United States, PR practices
quickly spread to Europe, influenced by:
- The Marshall Plan (post-World War II) established
American companies in Europe with PR departments.
- British evangelicals and reformers institutionalized communication
practices to influence public opinion.
PR's Dual Mission: Advocacy and Influence
1. Advocacy
PR professionals in the early 20th Century sought to:
- Protect businesses from negative press.
- Advocate for corporate interests through strategic communication.
Example:
- During increasing corporate scrutiny, companies used PR to present themselves as
ethical, responsible contributors to society.
2. Influence
PR practitioners leveraged storytelling and media
relations to:
- Shape public narratives.
- Build favourable perceptions of businesses, movements, and individuals.
Early Pioneers of Public Relations
The development of public relations (PR) into a professional discipline owes much to
early pioneers who established its foundational practices and principles. Figures
such as Ivy Lee, Edward Bernays, Basil Clarke, and Arthur W. Page significantly
shaped the field, using innovative methods to address public perception and
corporate communication needs. This blog explores their contributions, successes,
and controversies that marked the early days of PR.
Ivy Lee: The Father of Modern PR
1. Founding the Publicity Bureau
- The Publicity Bureau, established in the early 1900s, was
the first PR agency and a landmark in the professionalization of PR. Ivy Lee, a
former journalist, played a pivotal role in its operations.
2. Declaration of Principles (1906)
- Lee's Declaration of Principles emphasized:
- Transparency and accuracy.
- Prioritizing public interest.
- This declaration shifted from secretive corporate communication to a more open
and ethical approach.
3. Notable Contributions
- Modern Press Release: Ivy Lee is credited with creating
the contemporary press release, an essential tool for
disseminating news.
- Two-Way Street Philosophy: Advocated listening to and engaging
with the public.
Example: Pennsylvania Railroad
1906, following a railroad accident, Lee invited the press to the scene, providing
firsthand information—a novel practice at a time when corporate secrecy was the
norm.
4. Controversies
- Ludlow Massacre (1913-1914): Lee, representing the Rockefeller
family, published misleading bulletins about the Colorado coal miners' strike,
leading to accusations of propaganda.
- Critics labelled him a "paid liar" for his role in shaping public narratives
during this crisis.
Edward Bernays: The First PR Theorist
1. Advancing PR as a Science
- Bernays, Sigmund Freud's nephew, applied psychological principles to PR, viewing
it as an applied social science.
- He emphasized understanding audience behaviour and using strategic communication
to influence public opinion.
2. Key Contributions
- First Textbook: Authored Crystallizing Public
Opinion (1923), introducing PR as a formal discipline.
- Education: Taught the first PR course at New York University in
1923.
- Concept of "Engineering Consent": Argued that public consent
could be systematically managed for societal benefit.
3. Landmark Campaigns
- Lucky Strike Cigarettes (1929):
- Addressed women's reluctance to carry green packaging by popularizing
green as a fashionable colour.
- Positioned cigarettes as "Torches of Freedom," framing them as symbols
of women's liberation.
Example: Influence on Fashion
Bernays collaborated with designers and event organizers to incorporate green into
fashion shows and interior design, creating a cultural shift aligned with Lucky
Strike's branding.
4. Criticism
- Bernays faced criticism for promoting controversial causes, such as tobacco,
through manipulation and the use of front groups to disguise vested interests.
Basil Clarke: The Founder of UK PR
1. Establishing Editorial Services
- Clarke founded Editorial Services in 1924, recognized as
the UK's first PR agency.
- He emphasized credibility and transparency, stating that
PR "must look true, and it must look complete and candid."
2. Code of Ethics
- Authored the first PR code of ethics in 1929, advocating
for ethical communication practices to maintain public trust.
3. Legacy
- Clarke's work laid the groundwork for PR in the UK, with Richmond
Towers, founded in 1930, becoming the longest-established UK PR
agency.
Arthur W. Page: The Father of Corporate PR
1. Transforming AT&T's Image
- Page worked with American Telephone and Telegraph
(AT&T) from 1927 to 1946 during its monopolization efforts,
addressing public concerns.
- He promoted transparency and positioned AT&T as a public utility,
emphasizing its societal contributions.
2. Page Principles
- Established foundational principles for corporate communication:
- Tell the truth.
- Prove it with action.
- Listen to the customer.
3. Mixed Legacy
- While Page improved public perception, critics argue that AT&T manipulated
media narratives using its advertising dollars to influence coverage.
Shared Contributions and Lasting Impact
1. Laying the Foundations
Early pioneers like Lee, Bernays, Clarke, and Page:
- Introduced ethical guidelines.
- Innovated tools such as the press release.
- Established PR as a strategic discipline.
2. Balancing Advocacy and Ethics
While their contributions professionalized PR, their methods—from ethical
transparency to controversial propaganda—underscore the complex dynamics of
influencing public opinion.
FAQs
PR dates back to ancient civilizations, where communication strategies were used to influence public perception, such as Egyptian pharaohs using monuments or Julius Caesar promoting his victories.
Ivy Lee is often regarded as the father of modern PR, who introduced transparency, accuracy, and the contemporary press release format in the early 1900s.
Edward Bernays advanced PR as a science by applying psychological principles, coining the term "engineering consent," and writing the first PR textbook, Crystallizing Public Opinion.
Ancient Babylonians used clay tablets to promote agricultural techniques, and Greek sophists crafted persuasive arguments, demonstrating early PR strategies.
Established in 1900, the Publicity Bureau was the first PR agency to transition from informal communication to a structured profession.
Governments used propaganda to rally public support, demonize enemies, and promote patriotism, significantly advancing PR techniques.
Critics accused pioneers like Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays of using manipulative tactics, such as misleading bulletins or front groups, to sway public opinion.
The advancement of mass media and the internet allowed PR to evolve with tools like media tours, corporate storytelling, and social media press releases.
Clarke founded the UK's first PR agency, created the first PR ethics code in 1929, and emphasized honesty and transparency in communication.
Arthur W. Page introduced principles such as "Tell the truth," "Prove it with action," and "Listen to the customer" to enhance corporate communication and trust.